I follow some rules when it comes to handling alignment in various situations.

Headers

1. If the height of lowercase letters in the headline does not exceed one and a half lines of paragraph text, I align the headline with the baseline of the first line of the base text.
2. If the height of lowercase letters in the headline is more than one and a half lines of the main text, I align the headline to the height of lowercase letters.
3. In the case where the headline is in uppercase, I align the uppercase letters with the top boundary.

Interblock Spacing

The optimal proximity between blocks is two heights of lowercase letters in the headline. However, even this is considered poor typography. It is better to aim for 2.5—4 heights. If the spacing is increased beyond that, the blocks will lose their connection to the overall structure, causing the layout to disintegrate.

Naturally, the font and font size also influence the choice of interblock spacing, requiring careful consideration.

Images

1. If the image exceeds two heights of the headline, I center it vertically based on uppercase letters.
2. An image placed next to a text block aligns with the top boundary of lowercase letters.
3. If an icon falls within the height of two lines of the headline, I place it on the baseline and attempt to center it vertically based on lowercase letters.

Attention should be paid to the graphics and shapes of the image. The optical center may coincide or deviate from the alignment line.

For example, it makes sense to design icons that aim to fill a circular or square space.